Blood Groups and Transfusions essays

Blood Groups and Transfusions essays When Europeans first experimented with blood transfusions in the 17th century, so many patients died that the procedure was outlawed in England, France and Italy. It is said that the Incas in South America began transfusing blood much earlier, and that fewer deaths resulted. If so, the reason, not understood at the time, may have been that nearly all of the Incas belonged to the same blood type, while the Europeans, like most groups of people, belonged to different and incompatible types. Today, blood transfusion is safe only because blood samples from the donor and recipient are tested to ensure that no dangerous transfusion reaction can occur from the In the ABO system, human blood is classified into four types: A, B, AB, and O. If your blood is type A, your red blood cells carry a protein called Antigen A and your plasma, a protein called antibody b. If you are type B, your blood contains antigen B and antibody a. Blood type AB carries both antigens but no antibody, while type O blood has neither of the antigens but both of These categories are important in transfusion because certain antigens and antibodies are hostile to each other. Shaped so that they can lock together, mutually hostile antigens and antibodies adhere in clumps that can cause fatal blood-vessel blockages. Generally, people with type A blood can safely receive blood from As and Os, while type B recipients are safe with blood from Bs and Os. People whose blood types is AB are known as universal recipients, because their blood is compatible with types AB, A, B and O. Type O people, on the other hand, are safe only with blood from type O donors, but they are themselves so-called universal donors, because they can give blood to anyone. In a routine count the bloods basic components, red cells, hemoglobin, whil ...

Find Cars and Trucks With Propane Power

Find Cars and Trucks With Propane Power Propane is a common alternative fuel for fleets, buses, delivery trucks and police cars in the United States. Also known as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), propane powers over 10 million vehicles worldwide, with 270,000 of them on the roadways of America. Unfortunately, you can’t just go to the car dealer down the street and order a propane-powered car. However, there are certified installers that can convert a conventional car or truck to propane with a retrofit package. The U.S. Department of Energy maintains this up-to-date propane information regarding the availability of light, medium, and heavy-duty propane vehicles and conversions, in addition to this searchable database for propane makes and models back to 2001. Propane Vehicles Offer Cleaner Emissions Testing of modern propane-powered vehicles has proven they are far cleaner than conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, converted propane vehicles are significantly cleaner than gasoline since they offer potentially lower toxic, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions. Propane Tax Incentives There are a variety of federal and state-wide incentives for vehicles that use LPG. This propane vehicle incentive database provides current information regarding the incentives and laws for propane-powered vehicles. Find a Propane Filling Station Near You There are over 1,200 propane filling stations in North America. This propane filling station database, maintained by the U.S. Department of Energy, provides current locations of stations in all 50 states. The U.S. Department of Energy also provides updated information on current infrastructure development, and a complete listing of public and private alt fuel fueling stations, searchable by fuel type is also available.