Ethnic Conflict Essay

Ethnic Conflicts are a very important issue that can affect a whole country/state. Ethnic conflicts within a state belong to identity conflicts that are a type of internal conflicts. Sometimes the term ethnic conflict is used to describe a large range of internal conflicts .Before talking about ethnic conflict, it is important to know the meaning of ethnicity. . Ethnic groups usually have collectivity or psychological communities who share a combination of historical experience and valued cultural traits – beliefs, culture and religion, language, ways of life, a common homeland . Ethnic conflicts can be defined as conflicts between ethnic groups within a multi-ethnic state, which have been going on some time. Many ethnic conflicts result in a significant loss of life, a serious denial of basic human rights and considerable material destruction, some escalating into inter ethnic or internal war. The desire for secession or independence from an existing state, the demand for greater power within a state, or recognition and protection of minority interest within a society are three general issues of ethnic conflicts. An ethnic conflict is usually between two major groups fighting for the power or sovereignty of a country, state, or territory. The protagonists in the most intense ethnic conflicts want to establish their independence . A minority group might insist on seceding and establishing its own independent state. It might demand an independent state within a confederation of states, or might insist on an independent political entity within a new federal structure. The antagonist ethnic groups will not be able to agree on new constitutional ideas or a peaceful separation because the group does not want to lose its power over the other group. These kind of ethnic disputes consequently become violent, some escalate into all out war which tears the country/state apart.

A Ryan Air Report Tourism Essays

A Ryan Air Report Tourism Essays A Ryan Air Report Tourism Essay A Ryan Air Report Tourism Essay Introduction Ryan Air is a British based low-priced air hose that operates in the leisure travel industry, which makes up for 40 % of its operations. ( Beginning: Michael OLeary, Ryan Air Chairman ) . Ryan Air as an air hose operator has a huge where bulk of its usage in the leisure touristry industry. This study will concentrate on Ryan Air s strengths and capablenesss every bit good as its failing and possible menaces to its concern. A general analysis will be carried out on the air hose to place what cardinal issues faced by air hose besides an rating of the air travel industry will be looked at. The rating will look at possible menaces within the industry and what effects it might hold on Ryan Air in footings of profitableness. The study will besides look into what the industrial environment has to offer and that which Ryan Air as a concern can capitalize and utilize to its advantage. Finally the study will place selling schemes of how best to implement its operations in order to raise its game and enable the concern to be more competitory. 2.0 Strategic Environment Political issues EU statute law Governments Labor markets Social Changing consumer attitudes towards work and leisure Lifestyle alterations Economic Competition Technological Online system ( s ) Legal Regulation The environment in which Ryan Air operates in has become so greatly influenced by the PESTEL model. It is of import from a company position to look at this model and be able to analyze state of affairs in which it may happen itself both in its micro and macro environments. 2.1 Political Ryan Air and its concern has been greatly affected by political state of affairs in its industry late, the most powerful force that has affected the air hose is that of EU statute law. The air hose industry has been greatly affected by statute law late so much so that in Ryan Air instance it has decided to end one of its paths ( Brussels Charleroi to London ) because of the EU ruled that the air hose had been having illegal inducements to wing the path. This is a negative matter fore the air hose, which ruled the determination as a disaster . The ordinance is a cardinal issue for the company in that call offing the path which antecedently has flown daily means a 10 % bead in flights from Charleroi. This is a definite menace to the air hose because as Mr. OLeary puts it these capacity decreases are bad intelligence for clients at Brussels Charleroi ( Beginning: www.news.bbc.co.uk ) However the biggest concern for the air hose will be the estimated 4million Euros the company has bee n ordered to payback as a consequence of the opinion. What seems even more distressing for the air hose is the sentiment from certain members of the imperativeness seem to believe that the air hose was let off rather lightly. A subdivision of the European imperativeness reappraisal commented the air hose comes out rather good and matters could hold been worse . ( Beginning: Swiss Le Temps ) The opinion seems to come at a bad clip for consumers in that it threatens to set monetary values up. A rise in monetary values may reflect to a menace to Ryan Air in that consumers may exchange to other inexpensive alternate methods of travel for the path. Ryan Air has pushed the issue of constructing a new airdrome terminus in Dublin, the air hose has urged Aer Rianta ( Irish Airports Authority ) to halt haltering the state s recovery through what it calls a monopoly on landing charges and paths. This is a cardinal issue for Ryan Air in that it is an chance for the air hose to work and with its success can maximize profitableness and enable cost efficiency. In February, the authorities approved the building of the new edifice nevertheless the recommends the terminus to be run by Aer Rianta much to the disillusion of the Airline who have declared an involvement in building and running the terminus. Ryan Air sees the chance of a new terminus as a opportunity for cheaper landing charges and faster turnaround times . The air hose sees what it calls a monopoly as inefficient , high-cost ; it believes the civil servant-run airdrome shackles Ireland opportunities of hiking its touristry industry. ( Beginning: www.news.bbc.co.uk ) Furthe r possible chances have been handed to Ryan Air in July Ireland Minster for Sports, Education and Tourism allocated the amount of 3m euros to hike Irish touristry to the abroad market. This is an chance for the air hose because with proper usage of the allocated financess its success will pull more touristry to the part and therefore more possible clients for Ryan Air. 2.2 Social Mintel Analysts have carried out studies and it seems that Britishers have more clip to save . Analysts carried out studies in 2004 37 % of Britons want more vacations and 45 % said they would wish to pass more clip with their households. It might be safe to state that this reflects alterations in attitudes of possible consumers. This is an chance for Ryan Air and so a cardinal issue because it can heighten the air hoses profitableness. Appoint which was further emphasised by the fact that outgo in abroad vacations has more than doubled between 1993 and 2003 from ?9bn to ?20bn. ( Beginning: Mintel ) 2.3 Economic Ryan Air has faced addition competition because of the EU opinion against them sing the Brussels Charleroi issue. The air hose finally decided to axe the path get downing on the 29 April 2004, the consequence of Ryan Air drawing out of the path has opened doors for two new rivals who have decide to get down winging from that path. Axis Airways ( a Gallic house ) and Air Polonia ( Polish Airliner ) regional beginnings said that the EU opinion has helped the sign languages. This is an obvious menace to Ryan Air because of the obvious loss of concern of one of its most flown paths due to the fact that it has the lowest menu. Monsieur Serge Kubla, the economic Minister thinks the airdrome had been seeking to diversify the airdromes activities by pulling air hoses other than Ryan Air. There has yet been more bad intelligence for the air hose with its chief challenger ( in footings of options ) for the path has seen a significant addition in riders PRNewswire studies that Eurostar saw a record one-fourth of rider Numberss as travelers continued to exchange from air hoses. The study besides states that in February 2004 the Eurostar had seen an addition on the London Paris path market portion of 66 % from 58 % of the same period the old twelvemonth and even more so for the London Brussels route 52 % compared to the old twelvemonth s 38 % . The study states that air hoses such as Ryan Air, EasyJet and BA have experienced a loss of about 11 % . The study states that this is a consequence of air hoses cut downing the figure of flights operated between London and Brussels. ( www.independent.co.uk ) Economic downswing is speed uping the reorganization of most markets Indeed, it is merely with the recent coming together of the engineering revolution, the economic squeezing and the deregulating of markets that the existent impact is being felt. From air hoses to mortgages, from energy to frost pick, many industries are being shaken inverted by the new market kineticss. Whilst British Airways struggles to happen infinite to last, Ryan Air and Go are reshaping the economic sciences and outlooks of air hoses 2.4 Technology A cardinal issue for Ryan Air is the consequence of engineering on its operations ; the air hose uses the Internet for most of its engagements. Ryan Air would be badly affected were it system to crash or a virus. Ryan Air gain the importance of puting in engineering, Ryan Air s MIS director Martin Nygard, states Our IT systems are critical to the success of our concern . With Ryan Air.com one of the most visited web sites in Europe the air hose have chosen Systemhouse Technology Group to procure its computing machine systems all around Europe from Viruses. Nygard states If something were to impact our booking systems or our Call Centres, our clients could nt purchase their tickets If cardinal sections such as flight operations and technology ca nt entree their computing machine systems 247 so our aircraft would remain on the land. 3.0 Constraints and Capabilities 3.1 Competitive competition Ryan Air competes in the low-priced sector of the air hose industry, which is rather competitory. Ryan Air faces competition from air hoses such as EasyJet, Go and Buzz every bit good as other low-priced budget air hoses. Potential entrants into the low cost sector at the minute seem to be Virgin, proprietor Sir Richard Branson plans to drift Virgin Blue ( Virgin Low cost option ) and plans to establish its low-priced air hose venture in mid 2004. With the industry expected to turn new entrants are likely and competition will go rather ferocious. With all these factors, it is just to state that competitory competition in this sector is rather high. 3.2 Menace of entrants With the expected explosive growing of the market it likely to state the menace of entrants is rather likely, this has been farther enabled with EU deregulating. However any entrants into the market have to be major participants with fiscal backup to be able to vie with established names like Ryan Air and EasyJet. Although new entrants coming into the market is likely the menace it poses to Ryan Air is rather moderate due to the demand for significant fiscal backup 3.3 Menace of replacements In footings of replacements Ryan Air s chief competition will come from Rail links like the Eurostar and the fast rail nexus between Madrid and Seville. The other alternate agencies of travel, which can present a menace to Ryan Air, is travel by ferry. The turning country of concern for the air hose might be the fact Eurostar is basking an increased period of growing in footings of rider Numberss, which will ache the Paris, Brussels, and Charleroi paths. The menace of permutation might be further increased with the fact that British consumers have to an extent become in favor of vacationing within the state. In recent old ages the British have tended to see topographic points like Butlins, Blackpool and a host of other holiday locations within the UK. Ryan Air s response is its program to increase siting capacity in order to cut down costs and increase rider Numberss. Seemly it can be said that even though rail travel has experienced an addition it can be said that the menace of repl acements will be rather low due to the trouble of rail monetary values viing with low cost air hose monetary values. 3.4 Buyer power In the industry purchaser power seems to be high, because of the huge figure of purchasers within the sector. There seems to be an addition in rider Numberss in the low-priced air hose sector. With Ryan Air ruling the European selling low cost travel and seemly decreasing cost borders. It offers a certain chance for the air hose for farther enlargement and so market growing. There are besides rather a few operators in the industry such as EasyJet, Go and Buzz. This makes the market topographic point more competitory for monetary value as purchasers tend to look around for the best monetary value. 3.5 Supplier Power Ryan Air relies on Boeing to provide the aeroplanes and Rolls Royce for the engine parts. However Ryan Air are able to set up a clear advantage of challengers because it owns it planes alternatively of renting them. By having their aircraft Ryan Air is able to capitalize on care costs whereas renting would coerce the company into seting money aside which would blow up their care histories. The air hose has had increased orders from Boeing through which it has gained economic systems of graduated table. However Boeing is able to set up great supplier power due to the fact that most low cost air hoses favour the 737 scopes of aircraft. Ryan Air additions cost advantage because it burns less fuel capacity in comparing to hanker draw flights nevertheless this means that they are besides less capable of go throughing on cost ( of fuel monetary value addition ) to their monetary value witting section. In footings of provider power it can be said that Ryan Air have a reasonably low to medi um supplier power. 4.0 Key competences Ryan Air operations and concern endurance are based around one simple factor diminish cost borders . Bing able to remain in front of the game means being able to set up cardinal competences or competitory advantage ( s ) that can non be duplicated ( and if so ) with great trouble by challengers. Mr. OLeary believes the air hose s chief advantage on its challengers remains the ability to accomplish 25-minute turnarounds . ( Beginning: Financial times ) He suggests Ryan Air is able to run to two more flight runs that its challenger BA, he believe it is the air hose s most of import cost advantage . This is surely a cardinal competency for the air hose and one, which BA has non been able to double. In footings of other challengers such as EasyJet or Go, they excessively have schemes based on cost borders but have non been able to double them every bit good as Ryan Air have. The ultimate ground why Ryan Air still maintains its place as Europe s elite low cost air hose. Bing able to se t up a nucleus competency in within the market place depends on the ability to be able to set up Critical Success Factors ( CSFs ) . In Ryan Air s instance their CSFs are as follows Operational Excellence. Delivering quality service rapidly and for a sensible monetary value Operational excellence involves supplying the lowest-cost goods and services while at the same time understating jobs for the client. Ryan Air has continued to successfully decrease costs though different stairss and class of action. They decided to exchange 70 % of its Birmingham Airport Traffic to Nottingham East Airport as a cost step to counter what has been described as a 100 % addition in track charges. ( www.bbc.co.uk ) Management of efficient minutess. For greater efficiency and velocity, processes between providers and the administration are frequently integrated. Management of efficient minutess this relates to Ryan Air s ability O negotiate favorable rates with airdromes the air hose has been able to negociate. This might be the ground why Ryan Air s challengers welcomed the intelligence of the Brussels s determination. ABN Amro air power analyst said he expected to the opinion to do a fall in Ryan Air s net incomes . The statute law has put Ryan Air s capableness to negociate favorable trades in the hereafter. Analysts say that the opinion could gyrate and impact on other trades across Europe. Dedication to measurement systems. Ryan Air seems dedicated to operational excellence proctor and step all procedures, continually seeking for ways to cut down cost and better both service and quality. Ryan Air stays in front of the game by being able to double what it does best and that is by cut downing costs. It continually finds ways to cut down costs even though it has been criticised for some of its policies. As portion of its policy of continual cost decrease Ryan Air antecedently charged riders for utilizing a wheelchair a policy which was challenged in tribunal which led to Ryan Air adding a surcharge of 50p for each ticket to pay for the tribunal opinion which order the air hose to offer a free wheelchair service. Part of the air hose s continual policy has been to size up different airdromes in order to go on to cut down costs. The company in the last twelvemonth have discontinue traffic to specific airdromes every bit good as move to different airdromes in hunt of better economic systems. 5.0 Ryan Air primary and secondary activities Ryan Air has the ability to associate its primary activity of winging planes at a low cost to both its concern and its clients with well-balanced support activities that help understate cost to operations. Ryan Air s capablenesss are based on good direction and efficient cost operations. 5.1 Ryan Air Primary Activities Inbound logistics Supplier dialogues Ryan Air has been able to drive down provider costs by assuring big and continually turning projected rider Numberss. It is stated that Ryan Air continued effectivity is down to the negotiated contracts between the air hose and its providers. Part of the ground why Ryan Air has continued with its vigorous enlargement ( to heighten rider growing ) is down to the fact that it negotiated in order to procure lower monetary values from its providers. Operationss Flying to secondary airdromes The air hoses policy of winging to secondary and therefore less busy airdromes is a policy adopted by most low cost air hoses. However Ryan Air has managed to negociate favorable conditions in most of the airdromes it operates from. It has managed to renegociate airdrome care and managing contracts with its providers in return for presenting increased growing. Ryan Air besides has a limited fleet and its pilots fly more air stat mis compared to other challengers. This establishes a competitory advantage over most challengers because the fleet get paid based on public presentation and how many sectors ( within ordinance ) they fly daily ; this helps to understate costs and maximize efficiency. Outbound logistics It has set-up client links with its operations through the utilizations on technological promotion. Ryan Air s purpose has been to convey their services at the client s fingertips. This is besides one of the grounds it continues to bask its topographic point as the figure one in the no-frills sector. Selling and gross revenues Online engagements, limited usage of travel bureau services and monetary value publicities 90 % of Ryan Air s selling and gross revenues is done online this is why the air hose has invested to a great extent in anti-virus systems. The air hose has been able to derive a competitory advantage is because the online engagement system brings the air hose closer to the client . Knowing clients closely and working closely with spouses gives Ryan Air a clear advantage. Servicess low in-flight service Like all low cost air hoses Ryan Air provides a low in flight service, nevertheless the air hose sheds its costs by undertaking out services such as aircraft handling, fining and luggage handling. The air hose is able to command quality and safety at a minimal cost by undertaking out engine and heavy care work under its supervising. 5.2 Ryan Air support services Firm Infrastructure Ryan Air chief central office is based in Dublin, Ireland where rents are comparatively low compared to topographic points like Central London. It has other little regional offices ( bases ) around Britain and programs to open some abroad in topographic points like Sweden and Germany. Its concern operations are chiefly on the Internet, which reduces operations cost. The air hoses ability to understate its costs of operation frees up needed financess to drive its selling run, this puts it in a good place to work the market. Ryan Air operates 125 paths and has 9 bases ( 7 of which are non-home state ) . ( Beginning: www.Ryan Air.com ) Human resource direction The air hose recruits staff online and it is the lone manner the return on new staff, it has been known to bear down appliers recruitment fees . Its fleet operates a public presentation wage construction ; its fleet is rather limited because the air hose chooses to contract out services as a manner of deriving a competitory cost advantage over its challengers. Technology development The air hose has based a significant bulk of its engagements online every bit good as puting in anti-virus systems to protect its computing machine web booking system. It has besides taken steps such as puting up a call line known as Ryan Air Direct where clients use a telephone line to do engagements. The usage of technological promotions has allowed Ryan Air go direct to the client. Another selling tool the air hose hour angle implemented is besides a set-up a little dependence on travel agents to counter engineering failure and hazards with opening unfamiliar markets. The technological promotions have been cardinal to Ryan Air operations Procurement The air hose has been able to derive a competitory advantage through the dialogue of favorable trades. E.g. the air hose has been able to negociate the a trade which Boeing partially financess for retraining of pilots from the Boeing 737-200 to the 737-800 ( which it late acquired 50 ) . ( Beginning: Davy Stockbrokers ) 5.3 Importance of benchmarking activities Vs. Environment Market schemes are about choosing and suppressing the emerging landscapes. Implementing these schemes can be important to an administration. Selling schemes are about alining administrations to accomplish this, competitively and commercially. This requires strict analysis coupled with originative thought: to look beyond today s boundaries, to map out the best future beginnings of hard currency, to hold the assurance to travel where cipher else has gone, to do the instance for it in commercial linguistic communication, and to show the impact on long-run stockholder value. In for Ryan Air to accomplish this mammoth undertaking it has to benchmark its strength and failings to that of its environment. It has to analyze these environmental factors in order to be able to analyze its place within the industry and therefore put it in an advantageous place. Once Ryan Air has identified its place so it can continue in implementing selling schemes that can vouch its concern success and therefore maximize its potency. 6.0 Use of strength and weaknesses Vs. Environment Environment developments Strengths and failings EU ordinance Potential industry growing Increased consumer demand Changing environment ( Work vs. leisure ) Strengths The air hose has had to cover with EU ordinance every bit good as deregulating in recent old ages. It has managed to utilize its capablenesss through efficient operations direction to cover with job The budget industry is experience a period of possible growing. With that growing lies a great trade of chances for Ryan Air which it actively seems to be working with its ain rapid growing and with its place as market leader the air hose is absolutely positioned Increased demand in budget air hoses has lead to rapid enlargement by Ryan Air. Ryan Air continues to use cost control measures ( farther low frills ) in favor of more seats on planes. The rich person besides order a new scope of fleet all which are steps to get by with increased demand Analyst studies show an addition in leisure clip spent. This presents the air hose with an chance for more air travel. Ryan Air has punctually responded by taking a figure of market based determinations in order to consolidate its place in the industry Failings Ryan Air s policy of cost control has finally put the air hose at hazard. EU ordinance ruled subordinates it negotiated in Brussels as improper. The companies. Being excessively cost witting has finally put Ryan Air in a place of menace from challengers. Ryan Air announced it is to retreat free ice with paid for drinks farther addition no frills. This is an obvious menace for the air hose with challengers adding fringe benefits and major air hoses dismissing. Increased consumer demand has forced addition traffic, with Ryan Air pilots forced to wing more hours compared to rival pilots. An issue that continues to exasperate trade brotherhoods ( which Ryan Air employees do non belong ) further making labour market jobs for the air hose. 7.0 Selling schemes Cardinal selling schemes for Ryan Air is imperative in its chase to keep its position as the taking no-frills air hose. They involve choosing mark client groups and stipulating how to present value to these groups. Segmentation, Targeting, Differentiation and Positioning are all cardinal to effectual digital selling. Ryan Air has base most of its selling schemes by utilizing what is referred to as E-marketing , the air hose has identified its mark as tourists and concern people who are less concerned with the luxuries of travel and are more concerned with get to their finishs every bit speedy as possible as their chief precedence. The chief push of e-marketing scheme is taking determinations on the selective targeting of client groups and different signifiers of value bringing for online channels. Using methods such as Online gross revenues objective scheme Online CRM scheme Online value proposition scheme Online targeted range scheme. Ryan Air can aim clients with the exclusive aim of luring them to purchase online as the breaker the web site. 7.1 Online gross revenues objective Aim: to change over on-line visitants to purchase Focus: Achieving gross revenues online ( May be new or bing clients ) By utilizing this scheme, Ryan Air will promote site visitants to buy-online through selling, publicities, etc. As portion of this scheme, options to change over visitants to action are explored, i.e. first-time purchaser publicities, site design betterments, place page and landing page optimization. Event-triggered, automated electronic mails besides be used to change over possible gross revenues to sale. 7.2 Online CRM scheme Through the usage of this scheme Ryan Air can specifically concentrate on different facets of the client lifecycle for online clients in footings of: Acquisition by planing schemes to derive new clients to the air hose AND migrate bing clients across to online channels. Retention Using on-line channels ( web based ads popups, linkages from web page and web site ) to increase keeping and value of client to company. Reactivation Encouraging continued usage of the air hoses web site ( possibly through rank enrollment ) this might promote clients to maintain revisiting the web site and maintain up to day of the month with information such as publicities taking to subsequent monetary value alterations and/or new flight information. Customer cognition ( familiarity ) larning more about the client through profiling and monitoring of behavior. This once more can be done through client records, which can be easy stored with, and on-line rank nevertheless data protection issues come into drama and Ryan Air must therefore stay by this. 7.3 Online targeted range scheme Aim: To pass on with relevant audiences online to accomplish Ryan Air s communications aims. These aims normally include: Building more trade name consciousness or favourability, driving on-line purchase, list-building or migrating bing clients to online channels. Focus: New client acquisition. This scheme purpose to pass on with selected client sections online identified by the air hose through media bargains, PR, electronic mail, viral runs and sponsorship or partnership agreements. Driven by aims of online audience portion and figure of site visitants in different sections. Philip Kotler supports this scheme of selling, suggesting that marketing s focal point should travel from pulling and retaining clients, to placing and working chances, conveying together markets and thoughts, introducing in the new marketspaces and taking the company with them, instead than gratifying to the bequest demands of worsening spheres.

Green Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Australian aboriginal perspectives in the classroom Assignment

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The Boston Molasses Disaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Principles Of The Rukun Negara Theology Religion Essay

Principles Of The Rukun Negara Theology Religion Essay The principles of the Rukun Negara formulated by National Consultative Council with together headed by our second prime minister, Tun Abdul Razak at 31 August 1970. The purpose of formation of this national principles are to created unity of various race in Malaysia after the riots of different races at May 13th 1969 in Malaysia. That riots happened had proven the Malaysian racial issues and stability had fragile. The formation of Rukun Negara are one of the method to overcome the racial issues between different races in Malaysia after the May 13th incidents has happened which involved hundreds of people are death in that particular incident. It happened when after election at year 1969 where Parti Tindakan Rakyat (DAP) dan Gerakan get a very good respond from the result of the election. Procession was held by them purpose for incident of one youth Chinese was killed in battle with policemen before the election was held. UMNO was felt be challenged of the result of the election although them still win the majority seats in parliament. Datuk Harun Idris led the riots happened. Purpose of this provocative procession happened was to set fire to the spirit of nationalism of every races in Malaysia. This riots happened until the police force was unable to control the situation. Army force had to be called to help police force to control the situations. This incidents has made all the leaders in Malaysia has realized of importance of unity issues of various races in the country. In the official report, there are totals of 493 people was injured and 196 people are reported death of that incidents. Emergency in the country was declared by our Yang Dipertua Agong, with advices from our first prime minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman based on article 150 in constitution of federal Malaysia. The Rukun Negara can be related with several place that we visit in the trips. The first principle can related with Batu Caves and National Palaces. Batu Caves are rich with Hinduism cultural. The cultural still preserved until today that let us to enable to study and get to know the elements and everything cultural about Hinduism. National Palaces are rich with Islam religions and cultural. Inside the palaces, lot of architectures are follow Islam and mixed with Hinduism elements to build with it. Switch of the light and fans are made of gold plated, which represent the wealthy and higher class people in society. National Museum represent the place to let all the people to access the past cultural and present cultural in Malaysia. In museum, we can access different races occupations, cultural, rituals and behavior being practice in past and until current today in Malaysia. It also show us how the life, ritual and cultural of Orang Asli in Malaysia. Examine carefully the importance of Rukun Negara for our country; how it cultivate social structure and social organization in society. We are admitting that Rukun Negara was important to our country in Malaysia. Rukun Negara was created to meet its purpose of unity of various race in Malaysia, and prevent the riots of races happened again within the country. Analysis of each elements of national principles BELIEF IN GOD Nation and the State was created based on a strong belief in God. It would make the sovereign country or nation thru these religions belief. The Federal Constitution declared that Islam is the official religion of the Federation, but other religion and beliefs can be practiced in freedom and tranquility. Any actions discrimination against any citizen on grounds based on religion are prohibited. Pillars of the drafters of the committee recognize the importance of belief in God and religion in human life. Recognizing the importance of community members holding robustness against their religious teachings, this principle has been selected as the first principle of the Rukun Negara. LOYALTY TO KING AND COUNTRY Malaysia practices a system of constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy with His Majesty the King as Head of State. Loyalty to King and country means that every citizen should be devoted faithful, honest and sincere to His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. At the state level, the citizens are required to devote loyalty to the king who ruled the land where they reside without reducing allegiance to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. THE SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION This principle pressing need for people to accept, obey and defend the Constitution of the country or glory. Constitution is the highest legal source. Its function is to provide protection to every citizen of this country because of their privileges and rights as citizens in this country. The Malaysian citizens are required to respect, appreciate, and understand the meaning and content as well as the historical background of the formation of the National Constitution. Constitution was drafted based on consensus of all parties and races within the country. Thus the social contract that people cannot be questioned about it and threatened by any individual or any party. Constitution of Malaysia made for determine the pattern of socio-economic and political position of the citizens in this country. THE RULE OF LAW Justice based on the rule of law where all citizens equal before the law in the country legally. Fundamental freedoms guaranteed to all citizens of Malaysia. State law based on the Constitution. Thus the need to be accepted and defended its sovereignty. Without the law, social and state life is not peaceful and stable. By the laws of the country are guaranteed by an independent judiciary and competent. Every country needs laws to regulate and create peaceful, prosperity and stability in society. The existence of the law will guarantee a life member of the community can move with freedom and orderly, without any disturbance which not threated the safety of other citizens in the country. The rights of all people can practice freely as long as no violation of the law as well as things as guaranteed by the Constitution. The freedoms right declared in the Constitution does not means citizens have the right to overthrow the current government. COURTESY AND MORALITY These five principles to emphasize the development of ones personality and behavior of the people. The aim is to form citizens courtesy and manners in line with the campaign Courtesy and Noble Values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹conducted now. Individual nature of courtesy and manners are the most important and meaningful in the elements of relationships with other various races within the country. Attitude of courtesy and manners should be taught and practiced to develop the individual and society as well as high discipline and morality that will help create harmonious in the society. Conduct hate and condemn this behavior or act arrogant or offend any person or class. Polite behavior within the person are contains of high degree of morality in his / her life. Importance of Rukun Negara are create unity among the different races, Chinese, Malay and Indians in Malaysia. In the national principles, it has avoid any racial issues happened between among the three main racial in the country. It was law binding for those go against with it will be arrested. National Principles also create function as a guidance in the formation of one nation in the country regardless of religion and race. It has become important guidelines for government in Malaysia ruled the country. http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2004dt=0804pub=Utusan_Expresssec=Featurespg=fe_03.htm National principles also creates the way of democracy life in the Malaysia nation. In the federal constitution, it was stated practice of democracy must in element for governing in nations of Malaysia. The constitution are almost same like United States. National principles also to serve purpose of create the society, which the wealth of the nation shall be equitably shared among the nation. It also to ensure the liberal approach of diversity and rich of different cultural traditions within Malaysian nations. In first elements of national principles, not one were racial, each citizens of Malaysia was respect each other cultural, traditions and religions been practice by different races. In today, we can see the effects created by the national principle in our country, Malaysia. Every races still manage to get mixed well by each other. http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSxqyff0BKzBjFGduDVLQv7sh9M63uU_ZB9lkUISw7X57pD_Br6qw Different races mix well together Second element in national principles are made the citizens in Malaysia have love and loyalty to their country and Kings. Not only that, they are expected to be love their leaders as well. In Today, although we can see Sultan are functionless in our country, but Malaysians are not going to oppose the Sultan but to love the Sultan more and respect them as there are one of the leaders in Malaysia. We can saw Malaysia are developing far behind than Singapore. But, we still love our country as we can see the specialty of Malaysia are united three races in one nation one country, which this reasons are attracted the foreign tourists come and visit to Malaysia. http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTcOnb4vumEJrNuMrUf4f6kECYXXMiYk9tfPM7dEnTZjK7Kl679 Third elements in national principles enable the citizens in Malaysia live in democracy way in their country. There is freedom to practices their own rituals, cultural and also religious for each races. Every citizens have their right and own voice to protest the wrong doing in the society. Very good example are referring to Bersih Campaign. It is one of the democracy way for Malaysian citizens to voice out their dissatisfied with the wrong doing in past elections. http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/bersih-3-pusat-bandar.jpg Bersih Campaign The Law Binding were cultivate the society become more alert when they commit any illegal activity. One of the example, any drug trafficking was arrested and had been judged by court, it will received penalty as dead sentences in final. The last principle has enabled all the citizens to build up better or superior personality which consist good moral and behavior. The superior of personality are the important elements of the development of the country. It also able to avoid any riots happened within the country among the different race. In opposite, it able to create harmony among the race for helping each other, complement each other which gave a fast lane for a country to become developed country. Crime rate also can be reduce at the same time. Hence, the Ultimate goal of Rukun Negara also can be achieved at the same time. http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSdSKNdHM8cxlI0IeHza6_3WVCST39ktSWoXXTNw28Gk0iaTdMBFA Different races of Bersih Activists help to save out the victim which hit by policemen car in Bersih Campaign. They eventually help policemen get out of the car after they save the victim of accident. In my opinion, national principles have its importance and it have affect the Malaysian society to get united even better compared with time at post- independent. In today, we can see everyone can have different races of friend in their life. The freedom of Malaysian citizen to practice their cultural and rituals without anyone restrictions are amazing, it has attracted the different country tourists just to come and visit the Malaysia for experiencing this multiracial cultural in Malaysia. In today, we able to see even we from different races but they really help each other when we have difficulty in some situations. My personal experience, when there are a accidents occurs, i can see the Malays and Indians come and help out each other. But, we still can see some group of people which have power in political and position which seen Rukun Negara as nothing. Here, i not wish to refer anyone in Malaysia, but we commonly know what is actually happened in our country. Death of Teoh Beng Hock was still became mystery until today, although court had given final judgment as he commit suicide. We still can see many corruptions happened around the country, which the Malaysia Anti-Corruption Commission cannot do anything on it because the excessive power involve which can overwrite everything and manage run away from judgments including legislative. In conclusion, Rukun Negara are play very important roles in Malaysia. It gave peace among our country. It also born good personality of the citizens, which love their everything in their home country. Unity among the races are become the specialty of Malaysia toward other countries in all around the world. http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT0B6D-zVpuA3I3QKLBbw7NC0gyZIYcC2fbuLToRmsaH5xsPnLMPA http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRyixZ_g4Icg39xd_EizEo6h1YQzjgPUPrGnsjmnxzvOInPLzZ93A Others discussion questions Examine Malaysian crime rate and analysis the statistics based on Roberts Merton s Typology of Deviance. File:Mertons social strain theory.svg In Robert Merton theory of Deviance typology, there are consist of five elements in basically. There are conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion. Basically, he explain about deviants behavior becomes crime when the crime too disruptive and uncontrollable thru informal sanctions. All forms of deviance are related with crime. (Tepperman, L., Curtis, J.(2006). Principles of Sociology: Canadian Perspectives, p. 117. Oxford University Press, Canada. ISBN 0-19-542348-8. ) Conformity are refer to achieved of societal goals by social s means which both of them are accepted by society. Innovation is the attaining goals by using unacceptable way by the society. Innovators always think and take of creative ways to achieve their goals, which the creative ways are not accept by society at most of the times. Meanwhile, Ritualism is the means accepted by society but the loss of the goals. Although they has rejected the goals, but they still continue the means. Retreatism is the rejection of both the goals and means. They often find a way to escape from goals and means. Rebellion are same meaning with retreatism but they are with new goals and new means. Merton defined innovation and ritualism are the pure cases, it is because both cases there is a discontinue to implied and pursue between goals and means. Based on Malaysia statistics related with crime and law, there are fourteen type of crimes. In concern of increase number of crimes are violent crimes, property crimes, commercial and serial commercial code crimes. Violent crimes are included case of murder, rape, fire armed gang robbery, gang robbery without firearms. Property crimes covered stealing of truck/van, car, snatch thefts and burglary. Commercial crimes covered those trick in business deal, criminal breach of trust, the fraudulent misuse of property and others related. Relation between Malaysia crime rate and Robert Merton theory, He try to stated that deviances. There is an adaptation by the people to dominant the culture in the society. As the grows between the means and goals, the people will experienced the most internal conflict. Good example, a poor people desired middle class people goal, such as a new LCD television in the home. They find difficulty of means to achieve their goals, in result they felt stress. He argued that they use illegitimate way to accomplish a legitimate goal. Very good example, stealing are one of related element of crimes rate and Robert theory. Thief choose to use stealing ways to achieve their goal of acquire money to survive in this society. This term called as innovations, and the thief called as innovators. Ritualism has some similarity problems with innovators experience. But, they choose to refuse for attaining the goal, and continue with their means (ways to achieve the goal). Example, some people know the way of their achieve the goal are not going to work, but they still practice the ways. Best way to describe retreatism are referring to drug addicts. They did not choose the way to achieve the goal, they also refuse to achieve to goal. They choose to escape from everything. Rebellion are referring group of people or individual who reject the norms, goals, and values of society, which they choose go for another new norms, goals, and values which do not exist in that particular society. Sometime, it is a society itself led the crime happened. Examples, everyone was addicted with the New IPhone which cost very expensive in price. But, because of the societys demand pressure, everyone essential has one by themselves. Some of them might be not afford, they choose perform deviance ways to achieve the cost which enables they to buy the phone, including steal, rob and involved in prostitutions. Father and mother should play a very important role in teaching their children which are ethical ways to perform a decision. It same go with teachers and lecturers in study institutions. Morality values should focus by the teachers in school for their student. Father and mother should become of role to be teach their children should not fall into the trick of deviance typology. In conclusion, everyone has the responsibility for judge whether the ethical decision has been made for majority benefit and agreement in the society. Evaluate the status of women in terms of career and education in Malaysia compare with United States, Kuwait and Nigeria.